Aluminum deoxidizing welding wire

ABSTRACT

Provided is a welding method and electrodes (wires) with aluminum as a primary deoxidizer and a basic flux system for joining a workpieces with weld metal of comparable strengths and enhanced toughness. For instance, provided is a welding wire, comprising an aluminum content configured to act as a primary deoxidizer, and an overall composition configured to produce a weld deposit comprising a basic slag over a weld bead, wherein the aluminum content is configured to kill the oxygen in the weld pool, and wherein the oxygen comprises oxygen provided by a shielding gas or produced by heating of welding filler materials. Further provided is a welding method comprising arc welding a workpiece using an electrode having aluminum as a primary deoxidizer under a gas shield to produce a bead of weld deposit and a basic slag over the weld bead.

BACKGROUND

The invention relates generally to the field of welding systems, andmore particularly to welding wires that improve characteristics of aweld.

Welding systems generally make use of electrodes configured to pass anarc between a torch and a workpiece, thereby heating the workpiece tocreate a weld. A number of forms of welding are known and are generallyused in the art. In many systems, such as metal inert gas (MIG) systems,the wire electrode is advanced through a welding torch and is generallyconsumed by the heat of the arc. In such operations, the wire electrodemay also be referred to as a “filler material” that becomes part of theweld. Although gas is used to shield the weld in many applications,certain types of welding wire do not require shielding gas, and withsuch wires it would be unusual or even not recommended to use a gas.These may be referred to as self-shielded welding wires.

The selection of the type of wire electrode used for a particularwelding application may be based on several factors, including, thecomposition of the metals being welded, the joint design and thematerial surface conditions. In general, it is desirable that the wireelectrode has mechanical properties similar to those of the basematerial and produces no discontinuities, such as porosity. Mechanicalproperties of the weld may be characterized, for example, by the yieldstrength and impact strength (i.e., toughness) of the weld joint.Generally it is desirable that the weld exhibit a yield strength greaterthan the yield strength of the workpiece. The impact toughness may alsobe considered as an index of the likelihood of failure of the resultingstructure. Therefore, it is desired that the wire electrode includeproperties to provide a weld with the desired yield strength andtoughness.

In addition, wire electrodes may be used in various welding processes.For example, certain applications may require welding on a flat surfacewhile other applications may require welding vertically. The metallurgyof the wire electrode, along with other factors, such as the orientationof the metal parts being joined, may dictate the available and optimalwelding positions. Wire electrodes that enable welding in multiplepositions are often considered to provide an increased level offlexibility because they are suitable for use in a number of weldingsituations and environments. For example, a wire electrode that can beused vertically and overhead may enable the joining of pipes andconstruction members in structural construction.

Accordingly, there is a need for a welding wire that provides a weldincluding the desired strength and toughness, and that permits weldingin various weld positions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

The invention provides a welding wire electrode and a welding techniquedesigned to respond to such needs. In accordance with one aspect of thepresent invention a welding method comprising arc welding a workpieceusing an electrode having aluminum as a primary deoxidizer under a gasshield to produce a bead of weld deposit and a basic slag over the weldbead.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention a weldingmethod is provided including arc welding a workpiece using an electrodeunder a gas shield to produce a bead of weld deposit and a basic slagover the weld bead, wherein the weld deposit has an aluminum contentwithin a range of about 0.15 to 1.1% by weight.

A welding wire is also provided that has an aluminum content configuredto act as a primary deoxidizer. The welding wire also has an overallcomposition configured to produce a weld deposit comprising a basic slagover a weld bead, wherein the aluminum content is configured to kill theoxygen in the weld pool, and wherein the oxygen comprises oxygenprovided by a shielding gas or produced by heating of welding fillermaterials.

DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood when the following detaileddescription is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in whichlike characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary welding system in which the wireelectrode of the present invention may be employed; and

FIG. 2 is a table illustrating the composition and mechanical propertiesof exemplary wire electrodes and their weld deposits in accordance withaspects of the present technique.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As discussed in greater detail below, a welding wire includes variouscharacteristics to provide desired performance and weldability. Forexample, with some embodiments of the welding wire the resulting weldincludes an increased level of impact toughness. Further, embodiments ofthe welding wire also include a composition that lends itself to weldingin a variety of positions and situations. For example, some embodimentsof the welding wire discussed below are considered to include an“all-position” capability and substantially lower spatter thanself-shielded electrodes. Accordingly, the welding wire may be used inapplications that require welding in “all-positions,” such as joiningpipe and structural steel construction. These characteristics arebelieved to be the result of the welding wire composition and themethods used to weld with embodiments of the welding wire. For instance,embodiments of the welding wire include increased concentrations ofaluminum and an overall composition configured to produce a basic slagsystem. Embodiments also include welding with the described welding wireunder a shielding gas. As discussed below, it is has been shown that thecombination of aluminum as a deoxidizer, the basic slag system and theuse of a shielding gas may provide a resulting weld that includes highstrength, toughness and increased weldability.

Referring now to FIG. 1, welding system 10 is illustrated that employs awelding wire (i.e., an electrode) 12 in accordance with one embodimentof the present technique. As depicted, the MIG welding system 10includes a power source 18, a shielding gas source 20, a wire feeder 22,an electrode source 24 and a welding gun 26. In the illustratedembodiment, the power source 18 supplies power to the electrode 12 via apower conduit 28 and the welding gun 26. In the welding system 10, anoperator may control the location and operation of the electrode 12 bypositioning the electrode 12 and triggering the starting and stopping ofcurrent flow. In gas metal arc welding, the power source 18 typicallywill supply a constant voltage to aide in maintaining a stable arclength as the distance from the electrode 12 to a work piece 30 ischanged.

During a welding operation, the welding wire feeder 22 advanceselectrode 12 from the welding wire source 24. As depicted, the weldingwire source 24 may include a spool that unwinds as the wire feeder 22draws and feeds the electrode 12 through a conduit 32 and a contact tip34 of the welding gun 26. A liner may be included in the path to thecontact tip 34 to prevent bucking of the electrode 12 and to maintain anuninterrupted feed to the welding gun 26. The electrode 12 may beadvanced through the welding gun 26 when operator pulls a trigger on thewelding gun 26 or provides another signal to advance the electrode 12.

The welding arc is created as current flows from the tip of theelectrode 12 to the work piece 30 and returns to the power source 18.Therefore, the workpiece 30 is generally grounded to the power source 18to provide an electrical path for the current. For example, as depicted,a work clamp 36 and cable 38 complete the electrical path between thework piece 30 and the power source 18.

Some forms of arc welding may include a shielding gas 20 to protect theweld area from atmospheric gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. If theweld is left unprotected, the atmospheric gases can cause fusiondefects, porosity and weld metal embrittlement. As depicted in FIG. 1,the shielding gas 20 may be provided to the welding gun 26 from ashielding gas source via a gas supply conduit 40. Typically, theshielding gas 20 is expelled near the tip of the welding gun 26 andencapsulates the welding location, including the weld pool, as theelectrode 12 and the metal of the workpiece 30 are heated to a moltenstate and cooled. In some applications, the shielding gas 20 isautomatically supplied during the welding operation and is automaticallyshut-off when (or just after) the operation is interrupted.

The system 10 also includes a control circuit 42 that coordinatesfunctions of the system 10. For example, the control circuit 42 may bein communication with the power source 18, the wire feeder 22 and/or thesource of the shielding gas 20 and configured to coordinate theoperation of the system 10. Thus, the current, wire speed and shieldinggas 20 may all stop and start in cooperation.

As mentioned previously, the electrode 12 may be continuously fed to theweld location and consumed by the heat of the welding arc createdbetween the electrode 12 and the workpiece 30. Thus, the material of theelectrode 12 is melted into the weld pool and the electrode compositionmay strongly influence the mechanical properties of the weld.Accordingly, it is generally desired that the composition of theelectrode 12 be compatible with the composition of the work piece 30.For instance, it is desirable that a weld include mechanical properties(such as yield strength and impact strength) that are compatible withthe workpiece 30 and surrounding metals. To prevent failure of the weld,it may be desired that the mechanical properties of the weld, includingyield strength and impact toughness exceed the similar properties ofsurrounding workpiece 30.

Further, the composition of the electrode 12 may also affect the ease ofwelding. For example, some electrodes 12 may reduce spatter duringwelding, enable easier slag removal, enable welding flat surfaces,enable welding with direct current of different polarities (such asdirect current electrode negative (DCEN) or direct current electrodepositive (DCEP)) or enable welding in a variety of positions, includingvertical and overhead positions. As mentioned above, an increased numberof welding positions increases the flexibility of the electrode 12 andmay extend use of the electrode 12 to other fields, such as joiningpipe, structural steel construction and the like. An electrode 12 thatenables welding in all of these positions may be referred to as anelectrode 12 configured for use in “all-position” welding.

The electrode 12 may include any number of characteristics to increaseperformance and weldability. As discussed further below, embodimentsinclude varying the compositions of the electrode 12, and/or the methodsused to weld with the electrode 12, to produce the desired mechanicalproperties and weldability. Variations may include the addition ofaluminum as a primary deoxidizer, an overall composition of the fluxingmaterials configured to produce a basic slag, the use of gas shielding,and DCEN polarity.

FIG. 2 illustrates the composition and characteristics of sixembodiments of electrodes 12. The table includes compositions of each ofthe electrodes, as well as the compositions of the resulting welddeposits. The metallic components of the flux mix contained in the coreof the electrode 12 are indicated as a weight percent of the electrodeflux composition. The percent of the electrode 12 that comprises theflux mix is also provided. As depicted, the flux mix is generally about22% by weight of the total composition of the electrode 12 (see FIG. 2“percent of electrode”). The electrode composition is described withregard to alloying elements as well as the basicity index. The basicityindex may be arrived at via equation (1), discussed in greater detailbelow. Further, FIG. 2 indicates various resulting mechanical propertiesderived from testing of the weld generated by each test electrode 12.For example, the mechanical properties include the yield strength,tensile strength, and impact toughness of the resulting weld. Therelationship between each of the features of the electrodes 12 isdiscussed in greater detail below.

In welding of ferrous materials, the electrode 12 generally includes aniron core composition alloyed with other elements to provide variousweld characteristics. A function of these alloying elements generallyincludes controlling deoxidation of the weld pool to influence themechanical properties of the resulting weld. Deoxidation generallyincludes the combination of an element with oxygen to form stable oxidesand, thus, reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen in the weld. Often, thephrase deoxidation may include the “denitridation” which similarlydescribes the combination of an element with nitrogen to form stablenitrides to reduce the amount of dissolved nitrogen in the weld. If themolten metal of the weld pool is not deoxidized, the effervescenceproduced by the oxygen and nitrogen in the weld pool may lead toincreased porosity and, also reduce impact properties of the weld. Inother words, the oxygen and nitrogen trapped in the weld may create abrittle weld. The concern generally exists due to oxygen and nitrogenthat is present in atmospheric air surrounding the molten weld pool orgases that are given off by the melting electrode 12. Such nitrogen andoxygen may be trapped in the weld pool as it cools. Deoxidizing elementsmay include silicon, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, manganese,aluminum, and the like. Deoxidizing may be provided for by alloyingsmall amounts of silicon (about 0.40%-1.00% by weight), manganese (about1.00%-2.00% by weight) and/or aluminum, titanium and zirconium into theelectrode composition. In accordance with the present invention,aluminum is the primary deoxidizing agent. Embodiments of the flux mixof the welding wire may include a welding wire composition of about 2%to about 11% by weight aluminum. The flux mix generally comprises about22% of the electrode 12. Accordingly, the overall composition of theelectrode 12 is about 0.4% to about 2.5% by weight aluminum. As shown inFIG. 2, the compositions of the flux mix of the six test electrodes 12include about 3.85% to about 7.1% by weight aluminum. Similarly, thecomposition of the weld deposit may include about 0.15% to about 1.1% byweight aluminum. As shown in FIG. 2, the weld deposit composition of thesix test electrodes 12 includes about 0.35% to about 0.99% by weightaluminum in the all-weld-metal deposit.

The addition of aluminum as a deoxidizer in self-shielded electrodes 12generally acts to fix most of the nitrogen acquired by the weld metal bythe formation of very fine aluminum nitride particles, thereby reducingthe free nitrogen that is highly detrimental to impact properties. Inembodiments that include welding with the addition of a shielding gas(as discussed in detail below), the shielding gas 20 may prevent themajority of oxygen and nitrogen present in atmospheric air from reachingthe weld pool. Accordingly, the aluminum may primarily combine withgases that are produced by the heating and melting of the electrode 12.Further, the addition of a shielding gas 20 that prevents atmosphericair from reaching the weld pool may reduce the need for other elementsin the composition of the electrode 12. For instance, the amount oflithium may be reduced or eliminated from the composition becauselithium is generally used to reduce the amount of nitrogen that entersthe weld pool. The addition of the shielding gas 20 may prevent nitrogenfrom entering the weld pool and, thus, reduce or eliminate the need forlithium.

It is noted that the use of aluminum in steel may be generallyconsidered to reduce the physical properties of the steel. Further, theuse of aluminum with an acidic slag system is restricted because it mayreduce toughness. However, embodiments of the electrode 12 summarized inthe table indicate that when properly balanced with austenitestabilizers, the use of aluminum and a flux mix composition thatproduces a basic slag system can result in clean weld metal with anincrease in toughness. Austenite stabilizers may include manganese,carbon, copper and nickel, to name a few. Accordingly, embodiments ofthe electrode 12 may include concentration of manganese, carbon, copperand nickel, as shown in FIG. 2.

Due to the use of aluminum as a primary deoxidizer, the need for otherdeoxidizing elements may be reduced. For instance, as mentioned above,silicon and manganese are generally added to electrodes 12 to act as adeoxidizer. However, with the addition of aluminum as a primarydeoxidizer, silicon and manganese may be removed from the overallcomposition, except as required for purposes other than deoxidation. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 2, the composition of silicon in the electrode12 may be substantially nil, with an amount in the weld deposit of about0.09% to about 0.14% by weight. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 2, thecomposition of manganese in the flux mix may be about 0.0% to about7.22% by weight. As mentioned above, the flux mix generally comprisesabout 22% of the electrode 12. Accordingly, the electrode 12 is about 0%to about 1.58% by weight manganese. The desired all-weld-metal depositsmay include about 0.33% to about 2.5% by weight manganese.

The electrode 12 may also include an overall composition configured toproduce a basic slag, as mentioned previously. Generally, the weldingslag includes a portion of wire that enters the weld pool and then risesto the surface and cools above the primary weld. Welding slag mayinclude oxides, silicates and other impurities that are separated fromthe molten metal forming the primary weld. Typically, the slag may bechipped away and removed, leaving only the primary weld in place.Accordingly, the flux mix that forms a substantial part of the slagsystem and its composition may be instrumental in removing impuritiesfrom the weld.

The flux ingredients as a whole may be classified by a basicity index(B) that describes the flux as acidic, neutral, basic or highly basic.The basicity index (B) can be calculated with the following formula:

$\begin{matrix}{B = \frac{\begin{matrix}{{{Ca}O} + {{Mg}O} + {{Li}_{2}O} + {{Na}_{2}O} + {\text{K}_{2}O} + {{Ca}\; F_{2}} +} \\{{\frac{1}{2}\left( {{{Mn}\; O_{x}} + {{Fe}_{x}O_{y}}} \right)} + {{Ba}\; C\; O_{3}} + {{Ca}\; C\; O_{3}} +} \\{{K_{2}{Si}\; F_{6}} + {BaO} + {{Ba}\; F_{2}} + {{Sr}\; F_{2}} + {{Ce}_{2}O_{3}} + {{Li}\; F_{2}}}\end{matrix}}{{{Si}\; O_{2}} + {\frac{1}{2}\left( {{{Al}_{2}O_{3}} + {{Ti}\; O_{2}} + {{Zr}\; O_{2}}} \right)}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

where Fe_(x)O_(y) may include FeO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, and the like, and whereMnO_(x) may include MnO, MnO₂, Mn₂O₃, and Mn₃O₄, and the amphotericcompounds described below. The different slag types are then definedaccording to their basicity, as follows: acidic for B<0.9; neutral forB=0.9-1.2; basic for B=1.2-2.0; and highly basic for B>2.0. Generally,more acidic slag system designs may offer better operability and weldappearance. A more basic slag system tends to produce a weld that iscleaner and, thus, a weld that includes (higher) more impact toughnesswhen compared to the more acidic slag. This may be due to basiccomponents not contributing oxygen to the weld pool and the acidiccomponents contributing oxygen to the weld pool. Amphoteric componentsmay not be a concern in this calculation because they exchange oxygenback and forth between the weld deposit and the slag, and, thus, may nottend to affect the weld metal oxygen level.

Embodiments of the electrode 12 may include basicity indices indicativeof a generally basic composition (i.e., basic or highly basic). Forinstance, in one embodiment, the slag may system may include a basicityindex greater than 1. In other embodiments, the basicity index of theslag system may include a range of approximately 85 to an infinitevalue, as shown by the compositions illustrated in FIG. 2. The highbasicity index may be achieved by the addition of basic components or byreducing the acidic components to a relatively low level.

As noted in equation 1, the slag system may include various basiccomponents, including calcium fluoride (CaF₂). In an embodiment of theelectrode 12, barium fluoride (BaF₂) may be substituted for the calciumfluoride. In certain electrode compositions, the concentration ofcalcium fluoride is reduced to zero, or near zero, while theconcentration of barium fluoride may be increased. Other embodiments ofthe basic slag system may include various compounds based on the needsof a specific application and desired properties. For instance, similarresults may be obtained with formulations that substitute SrF2, BaF₂ andCaF₂.

Although it has been noted that the electrode 12 may comprise about 22%by weight flux mix, other embodiments may include a flux mix that is ahigher or lower percentage of the electrode composition. For example,the total percent of the electrode 12 that is flux mix may range fromabout 10% to about 40% by weight.

As mentioned above in relation to the addition of aluminum as a primarydeoxidizer, a shielding gas 20 may be used to reduce the exposure of theweld to oxygen and nitrogen present in the atmospheric air. That is,encapsulating the weld and the weld pool in the shielding gas 20 mayprevent the atmospheric air from combining with the weld. In certainembodiments the shielding gas 20 may include known “off-the-shelf”shielding gases. For instance, the shielding gas may include 75% argonand 25% carbon dioxide. Other embodiments may include combinations ofthe three primary shielding gases: argon, helium, and carbon dioxide.The inert nature of the shielding gas prevents the shielding gas itselffrom introducing oxygen and nitrogen into the weld pool and increasingthe potential for oxidation. Similar inert shielding gas mixtures may beused to shield the weld from contamination by undesired elements, suchas oxygen and nitrogen.

The use of the shielding gas 20 may also contribute to improvedweldability of the electrode 12 within the system 10. The addition ofthe shielding gas 20 may aid in a predominately spray arc transfer, forexample. In welding, a spray arc transfer “sprays” a stream of tinymolten droplets across the arc, from the electrode 12 to the workpiece30. In other words, the melting electrode 12 is sprayed into the weldpool. When combined with a shielding gas 20, the flow of the shieldinggas 20 concentrates the deposit of the welding material and, thus,reduces the amount of spatter normally associated with self-shieldedelectrodes 12. The ability of the shielding gas 20 to reduce spattercontributes to the ability to weld with the electrode 12 in“all-position” welding. Further, the use of a shielding gas 20 incombination with the composition of the electrode 12 provides for higherdeposition rates as compared to other forms of electrode. For instance,it has been observed that embodiments of the electrode combined with theshielding gas weld at higher deposition rates than AWS A5.20 E71T-8'sand shielded metal arc welding covered electrodes 12.

Embodiments of the present technique may also include welding with adirect current electrode negative (DCEN) polarity. In the system 10using a DCEN polarity, the electrode 12 is connected to a negativeterminal and the workpiece 30 is connected to the positive terminal of aDC welding machine. In a DCEN setup, current flows from the workpiece 30to the electrode 12 and may create an increased amount of heat buildupin the workpiece 30 as opposed to the electrode 12. This causes theworkpiece 30 to melt more rapidly and enables the weld pool to morereadily accept the molten droplets from the electrode 12, reducingspatter. The electrode 12 including compositions listed in FIG. 2 may bewelded with a DCEN polarity to further increase their weldability andpotential for “all-position” welding.

While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed herein, many modifications and changes will occur to thoseskilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appendedclaims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fallwithin the true spirit of the invention.

1. A welding method comprising: arc welding a workpiece using anelectrode having aluminum as a primary deoxidizer under a gas shield toproduce a bead of weld deposit and a basic slag over the weld bead. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the electrode has an aluminum contentwithin a range of about 0.4% to about 2.5% by weight of the wire.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the weld deposit has an aluminum contentwithin a range of about 0.15 to 1.1% by weight.
 4. The method of claim3, wherein the weld deposit has an aluminum content within a range ofabout 0.3 to about 0.8% by weight.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thebasic slag comprises a basicity index greater than
 1. 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the basic slag comprises a basicity index greater thanabout
 85. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein arc welding comprises theuse of direct current electrode negative (DCEN) polarity.
 8. The methodof claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises barium fluoride configuredto provide the basic slag.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the gasshield comprises argon, helium, carbon dioxide or a combination of thethree.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the gas shield comprises about75% argon and about 25% carbon dioxide.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein the gas shield consisting of about 100% carbon dioxide.
 12. Awelding method comprising: arc welding a workpiece using an electrodeunder a gas shield to produce a bead of weld deposit and a basic slagover the weld bead, wherein the weld deposit has an aluminum contentwithin a range of about 0.15 to 1.1% by weight.
 13. The method of claim12 wherein the weld deposit has an aluminum content within a range ofabout 0.3 to about 0.8% by weight.
 14. The method of claim 12, whereinthe basic slag comprises a basicity index greater than
 1. 15. The methodof claim 12, wherein the basic slag comprises a basicity index greaterthan about
 85. 16. The method of claim 12, wherein arc welding comprisesthe use of direct current electrode negative (DCEN) polarity.
 17. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the electrode comprises barium fluorideconfigured to provide the basic slag.
 18. The method of claim 12,wherein the gas shield comprises argon, helium, carbon dioxide or acombination of the three.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the gasshield comprises about 75% argon and about 25% carbon dioxide.
 20. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the gas shield consisting of about 100%carbon dioxide.
 21. A welding wire, comprising: an aluminum contentconfigured to act as a primary deoxidizer; and an overall compositionconfigured to produce a weld deposit comprising a basic slag over a weldbead, wherein the aluminum content is configured to kill the oxygen inthe weld pool, and wherein the oxygen comprises oxygen provided by ashielding gas or produced by heating of welding filler materials. 22.The welding wire of claim 21, wherein the aluminum content is within arange of about 0.4% to about 2.5% by weight of the wire.
 23. The weldingwire of claim 22, wherein the weld deposit has an aluminum contentwithin a range of about 0.15 to 1.0% by weight.
 24. The welding wire ofclaim 22, wherein the basic slag comprises a basicity index greaterthan
 1. 25. The welding wire of claim 22, wherein the overallcomposition comprises barium fluoride configured to provide the basicslag.
 26. The welding wire of claim 22, wherein the shielding gascomprises argon, helium, carbon dioxide or a combination of the three.